electronegativity trend

SYLLABUS FOR ALLIED CHEMISTRY PAPER I,PAPER II, PRACTICAL PAPER

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ALLIED CHEMISTRY – I (60 Hours) 4 Credits

(For Maths and Physics Students)

Unit 1: NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY

Fundamental particles of nucleus, isobars, isotones and isomers – Differences between chemical reactions; fusion and fission – Radio active series, group displacement law – Mass defect, derivation of 1amu = 931 MeV – nuclear binding energy and calculation – Applications of radio isotopes – carbon dating, and medicinal applications.

Unit 2: INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY

Fuels- Classification-gaseous fuels like water gas, producer gas, liquefied petroleum gas, gobar gas, Compressed natural gas - Fertilizers- Classification – urea ,Ammonium sulphate, superphosphate, Triple super phosphate, potassium nitrate- manufacture and uses - Silicones - Preparation, properties and applications.

Hardness of water: temporary and permanent hardness, disadvantages of hard water -Softening of hard water - Zeolite process, demineralization process and reverse osmosis - Purification of water for domestic use: use of chlorine, Ozone and UV light - Definition and determinations of BOD and COD.

Unit 3: FUNDAMENTALS OF ORGANICHEMlSTRY

Classificiation of organic compounds -.Hybridization in methane, ethane, acetylene, benzene - classification of reagents - electrophiles, nucleophiles and free radicals - Classification of reactions addition, substitution, elimination, condensation and polymerisation - Polar Effects - Inductive effect, resonance, hyper-conjugation, steric effect  -  Keto-enol tautomerism - electrophilic substitution mechanism in benzene (Nitration and Sulphonation) – Heterocyclic compounds - Preparation, properties and uses of furan, Thiophene, pyrrole and pyridine

Unit 4: THERMODYNAMICS

Definition of Certain terms - system, surrounding, reversible and irreversible proces - Limitations of I Law Need for II Law - Different Statements of II. Law - Carnot cycle - Efficiency - Carnot Theorem - Thermodynamic Scale Of Temperature - Entropy- Definition Unit and change of entropy for  phase transformation 'Free energy  nature of Process in terms of Free energy and entropy-Statement of Third Law.

 

Unit 5: CHEMICAL KINETICS

Rate of chemical reaction- Differential rate expression - order and molecularity - Integrated rate expression for first, second, and zero order reactions - Half-life period— Effect of temperature on rate - Activation energy . Arrhenius equation - Arrhenius reation rate theory - Homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis. Photochemistry • Statement of Grothus - Draper Law, Stark-Einstein's Law, Quantum Yield. Hydrogen chlorine reaction (elementary idea only) Photosynthesis, Photsensitisation, Phosphorescence Fluorescence, Chemiluminiscence - Definition with examples.

BOOK FOR REFERENCE

1         Dr. Veeraiyan V., Texf book of Ancillary Chemistry, Highmount Publishing house, Chenha-14. Edition - 2008. (Both In Tamil and English)

2         Vaithyanathan S. and Others, Texf book of Ancillary Chemistry, Priya Publications, Karur-2. Edition-2006.

3         Soni P.. and Others, Texf book of Organic chemistry, Sultan Chand and Company, New Delhi, Edition - 2006.                                        

4         8oni P. and Others, Texf book of Inorganic Chemistry, Sultan Chand* and Company, New Delhi, Edition - 2006.                            

5          Puri B.R., Sharma and Pathania, Text book of Physical Chemistry, Vishal Publishing Co., New Delhi. Edition-2006.

6         Dara S.S., Texf book of Environmental chemistry and Pollution Control.- S.Chand and Co., NewDelhl, Edition 2006.

ALLIED CHEMISTRY – II  (60 Hours) 4 Credits

(For Maths and Physics Students)

Unit1:          CO-ORDINATION CHEMISTRY

Definition of terms - Classification of Ligands - Nomenclature - Chelation - EDTA and the application – Wernar’s Theory - Effective Atomic Number - Pauling's theory- Postulates - Applications to Ni(CO)4,Ni(CN)₄, (CO(CN)6)'^3- •   Merits and Demerits of. Werners and Pauling's theory - Biological Role of haemoglobin and Chlorophyll (elementary idea only) - Applications of co-ordination compounds in qualitative analysis and Quantitative analysis like Separation of. copper and cadmium ions; Nickel and cobalt ion; Identification of metal ions like cu, Fe and Ni. Estimation of Ni using DMG and Al using Oxine.

Unit 2:BIOMOLECULES

Classifications, preparation and reactions of glucose and fructose. Discussion of open and ring structure of glucose. Mutarotation.  Interconversion of glucose to fructose and vice versa - Preparation and properties of sucrose. Properties of starch, cellulose and derivatives of cellulose - Diabetes - causes and control :measures RNA and DNA (elementary idea only) - Amino acids: Classification, preparation and properties of alanine -preparation of dipeptide using Bergman method.

Unit 3: PHASE DIAGRAM

Phase rule: Definition of terms, application of phase rule to water system - reduced phase rule and  its application to Pb-Ag system. Freezing mixture - Completely miscible and partially miscible liquid systems - upper and lower critical solution temperatures

Unit 4: ELECTROCHEMISTRY

Galvanic cells – emf - standard electrode  potential - reference electrodes -electrochemical series and its applications - Determination of pH using electrbmeric method - Electroplating process -Nickel and Chrome plating - Different type of cells - primary cell, Secondary cell and fuel cells -Corrosion and methods of prevention, .Conductometric titrations -  hydrolysis of salts. Derivation of Kh  - Definition of pH and its determination by colorimetric method. Buffer solution -; Henderson's equation. Applications of pH  and buffer in biological processors and industries - Corrosion and its prevention.

Unit 5: ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY

Introduction to Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis - Principle of volumetric analysis - Separation techniques - extraction - distillation - crystallization— Chromatographic separations - Principles and applications of column , paper, thin layer, gas-liquid and ion-exchange.

BOOKS FOR REFERENCE

1          Dr. Veeraiyan V., Text book of Ancillary Chemistry, Highmount Publishing house, Chenna-14. Edition -206o. (Both in Tamil and English)

2          Vaithiyanathan S. and Others, Text book of Ancillary Chemistry, Priya        Publications, Karur-2. Edition -2006.

3          Soni P.L and Others, Text book of Organic chem/sfry, Sultan Chand and Company, New Delhi, Edition-2006.

4          Soni P.L. and Others, Textbook of Inorganic Chemistry, Sultan Chand and Company, New Delhi, Edition -2006.

5          Puri B.R., Sharma and Pathania, text book of Physical Chemistry, Vishal Publishing Co., New Delhi. Edition-2006.

6          Dara S.S., Texf book of Environmental chemistry and Pollution Control.- S.Chand and Co., NewDelhi,Edition 2006.

ALLIED CHEMISTRY PRACTICALS

COMMON FOR MATHEMATICS AND NON

MATHEMATICS STUDENTS

VOLUMETRIC ANALYSIS

·        Estimation of Sodium hydroxide using standard Sodium Carbonate.

·        Estimation  of Hydrochloric acid using standard Oxalic acid.

·        Estimation of Ferrous sulphate using standard Mohr's salt

·        Estimation oxalic acid using standard Ferrous Sulphate.

·        Estimation of Potassium permanganate using standard Sodium hydroxide.

·        Estimation of Magesium using  EDTA.

·        Estimation of Ferrous ion using diphenylamine as intemal indicator.

ORGANIC ANALYSIS

            Dectection of Elements (N,S, Halogens)

            To distinguish between aliphatic and aromatic Saturated and unsaturated compounds. Functional group tests for phenol, acids (mono, di) aromatic primary  amine,  amide, aldehyde & Carbohydrate Glucose. Systematic analysis of organic compounds containing one functional group and characterization by confirmatory test.(Phenol/cresol, cinnamic acid,  benzoic acid, phthalic acid, Succinic acid,   benzamide, urea, glucose, benzaldehyde & aniline).

REFERENCE

Basic Principles  of practical Chemistry: Venkateswaran,Veerasamy &

   Kulandaivel,  S.Chand &Co.

Define Carnot Theorem and also give its proof.

Carnot theorem states that no heat engine working in a cycle between two constant temperature reservoirs can be more efficient than a reversible engine working between the same reservoirs. In other words it means that all the engines operating between a given constant temperature source and a given constant temperature sink, none, has a higher efficiency than a reversible engine.

Proof: 
Suppose there are two engines E_A and E_B operating between the given source at temperature T₁ and the given sink at temperature T₂.

Let E_A be any irreversible heat engine and E_B be any reversible heat engine. We have to prove that efficiency of heat engine E_B is more than that of heat engine E_A.

Suppose both the heat engines receive same quantity of heat Q from the source at temperature T₁. Let W _A and W_B be the work output from the engines and their corresponding heat rejections be (Q – W_A) and (Q – W_B) respectively.

Assume that the efficiency of the irreversible engine be more than the reversible engine i.e. η_A > η_B. Hence,
W_A /Q>W_B /Q
I.e. W_A > W_B

Now let us couple both the engines and E_B is reversed which will act as a heat pump. It receives (Q – W_B) from sink and W_Afrom irreversible engine E_A and pumps heat Q to the source at temperature T₁. The net result is that heat W_A – W_B is taken from sink and equal amount of work is produce. This violates second law of thermodynamics. Hence the assumption we made that irreversible engine having higher efficiency than the reversible engine is wrong.

Hence it is concluded that reversible engine working between same temperature limits is more efficient than irreversible engine thereby proving Carnot’s theorem.

Which ion is coloured Cu⁺ or Cu²⁺ ?

Cu in neutral state Z = 29

1S² 2S²2P⁶3S²3P⁶4S²3d⁹ which rearranges as 1S² 2S²2P⁶3S²3P⁶4S¹3d¹⁰

Cu⁺  1S² 2S²2P⁶3S²3P⁶4S⁰ 3d¹⁰

Cu²⁺ is 1S² 2S²2P⁶3S²3P⁶4S⁰ 3d⁹

Cu ²⁺ is coloured since d-d transition takes place in Cu²⁺ which has 3d⁹ in its electronic  configuration  whereas Cu⁺ has completely filled d orbital where such a transition is not possible.

Explain Ni Cd battery functioing.

The nickel–cadmium battery (NiCd battery or NiCad battery) is a type of rechargeable battery using nickel oxide hydroxide and metallic cadmium as electrodes. A fully charged Ni-Cd cell contains:

·         a nickel(III) oxide-hydroxide positive electrode plate

·         a cadmium negative electrode plate

·         a separator, and an alkaline electrolyte (potassium hydroxide).

The chemical reactions at the cadmium electrode during discharge are:

    Cd + 2OH^{−−                                                    Cd(OH)}₂ + 2 e⁻

            The reactions at the nickel oxide electrode are:

              2 NiO(OH) + 2 H₂O + 2 e⁻                                      2 Ni((OH)₂  + 2 OH⁻

             The net reaction during discharge is

             2NiO(OH)  + Cd + 2 H₂O                                2 Ni (OH)₂ + Cd(OH)₂

During recharge, the reactions go from right to left

Ni–Cd batteries contain between 6% (for industrial batteries) and 18% (for commercial batteries) cadmium, which is a toxic heavy metal and therefore requires special care during battery disposal. Cadmium, being a heavy metal, can cause substantial pollution when discarded in a landfill or incinerated

Major Features
Cost effective, Reliable safety vent system, Long service life,
Wide temperature range, Excellent permanent charge endurance
 

Major Applications
Lighting:                        Emergency lighting, Solar light, Flashlight
Toys:                              R/C cars, Racing cars, R/C ships
Communications:       Cordless telephone, Two-way radios
Electric Tools:              Electric Screwdrivers, Auto-mower, Portable vacuum cleaners
Audiovisual Devices:  Camera, MP3/MP4, Remote control, Portable DVD
Other Applications:      Shavers, Access controller, and so on

Explain the action of heat on alpha,beta and gamma amino acids
Alpha amino acid give di keto piperazine on heating
Beta amino acid give acrylic acid eliminating ammonia on heating
Gamma amino acid give inner amide or lactam
(Refer reactions of amino acids involving both amino and carboxylic acid groups)

Estimate Ni and Al present in solution.
Ni by using Dimethyl glyoxime by gravimetric method
Al by usng oxine (8 - hydroxy quinoline)  gravimetric method
Refer book or class notes for the estimation in Coordination Compounds.

How is alanine prepared?
Alanine can be prepared by Strecker synthesis.
 Acetaaldehyde, ammonia, and hydrogen cyanide combined to form alpha amino nitrile which after hydrolysis give alanine.
Alanine react with LiAlH4 to form amino alcohol.(Refer reactions characteristic of carboxylic acid group)
Alanine react with HNO2 to form hydroxy acids and Nitrogen gas(Refer reactions characteristic of amino group.

Ether,chloroform and alcohol in a vessel.How many phases and components are present?
The three together make ONE phase and THREE components.

What  are Secondary Standard Substances? Give examples.
A secondary standard is a standard that is prepared in the laboratory for a specific analysis.
It is usually standardized against a primary standard.
  For example, making a primary standard solution of Na2CO3and then titrating that to find the accurate concentration of HCl will make the HCl solution secondary standard.

1.What are primary standard substances? Give examples.
A primary standard is a reagent that is extremely pure, stable, has no waters of hydration and has a high molecular weight .eg Sodium Carbonate, Sodium Oxalate, Potassium Dichromate
2.Mention the application of EDTA
To determine the hardness of water
To bind metal ions in chelation therapy
For treating mercury and lead poisoning
To remove excess iron from the body

1.Explain the biological role of chlorophyll

Chlorophyll acts as photosensitizer. Transfers energy to carbon di oxide and water molecule and helps in photosynthesis.

2.Define standard hydrogen electrode. What is its potential?

SHE is the universal reference for reporting relative half-cell potentials.The value of standard electrode potential is zero.

3. What is the application of Henderson Equation

It is used for estimating the pH of a buffer solution and to calculate the isoelectric point of proteins. 

The following is the answer for a two mark question from university exam question paper
What is the molarity of 1N Sulphuric acid solution?
Normality = 2 x molarity
 1 N / 2  = molarity
molarity is 0.5 M

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How to put off kitchen fire....

Dear Students, The video is the demo of brown ring test for nitrate ion.

https://www.google.co.in/search?q=test+for+anions&biw=360&bih=511&tbm=isch&prmd=ivn&source=lnms&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjBp_nxnqPLAhUNBI4KHSobC1gQ_AUICCgB&dpr=1.5#tbm=isch&q=apparatus+used+in+gravimetric+analysis&imgrc=4sPrYKqvuvUY-M%3A
Dear Students, you have the apparatus used in gravimetric analysis in this link. 

PAPER PRESENTATION COMPETITION HELD ON 27.01.2016

A Paper Presentation competition was held on 27.01.2016 by the department. The chief Guest who judged the presentation was Dr. V.Chandrasekaran ,Head of the Department and Associate Professor of Chemistry, Kandaswami Naidu College for Men, Anna Nagar. The Chief Guest addressed the students about the Importance of Science in present day world.
 M.S Monisha and N.Nivetha of II B.Sc Mathematics won the first prize for presenting a paper on 'Gas Chromatography'. Divya Bharathy.B and Sumaiya Banu of II B.Sc Mathematics won the second prize for the paper on 'Diabetes,Causes and Treatment'. Akshara Sherline and V.Vijayalakshmi of II B.Sc Physics won the third prize for the paper on 'Electroplating Process'.