Which ion is coloured Cu⁺ or Cu²⁺ ?

Cu in neutral state Z = 29

1S² 2S²2P⁶3S²3P⁶4S²3d⁹ which rearranges as 1S² 2S²2P⁶3S²3P⁶4S¹3d¹⁰

Cu⁺  1S² 2S²2P⁶3S²3P⁶4S⁰ 3d¹⁰

Cu²⁺ is 1S² 2S²2P⁶3S²3P⁶4S⁰ 3d⁹

Cu ²⁺ is coloured since d-d transition takes place in Cu²⁺ which has 3d⁹ in its electronic  configuration  whereas Cu⁺ has completely filled d orbital where such a transition is not possible.

Explain Ni Cd battery functioing.

The nickel–cadmium battery (NiCd battery or NiCad battery) is a type of rechargeable battery using nickel oxide hydroxide and metallic cadmium as electrodes. A fully charged Ni-Cd cell contains:

·         a nickel(III) oxide-hydroxide positive electrode plate

·         a cadmium negative electrode plate

·         a separator, and an alkaline electrolyte (potassium hydroxide).

The chemical reactions at the cadmium electrode during discharge are:

    Cd + 2OH^{−−                                                    Cd(OH)}₂ + 2 e⁻

            The reactions at the nickel oxide electrode are:

              2 NiO(OH) + 2 H₂O + 2 e⁻                                      2 Ni((OH)₂  + 2 OH⁻

             The net reaction during discharge is

             2NiO(OH)  + Cd + 2 H₂O                                2 Ni (OH)₂ + Cd(OH)₂

During recharge, the reactions go from right to left

Ni–Cd batteries contain between 6% (for industrial batteries) and 18% (for commercial batteries) cadmium, which is a toxic heavy metal and therefore requires special care during battery disposal. Cadmium, being a heavy metal, can cause substantial pollution when discarded in a landfill or incinerated

Major Features
Cost effective, Reliable safety vent system, Long service life,
Wide temperature range, Excellent permanent charge endurance
 

Major Applications
Lighting:                        Emergency lighting, Solar light, Flashlight
Toys:                              R/C cars, Racing cars, R/C ships
Communications:       Cordless telephone, Two-way radios
Electric Tools:              Electric Screwdrivers, Auto-mower, Portable vacuum cleaners
Audiovisual Devices:  Camera, MP3/MP4, Remote control, Portable DVD
Other Applications:      Shavers, Access controller, and so on

Explain the action of heat on alpha,beta and gamma amino acids
Alpha amino acid give di keto piperazine on heating
Beta amino acid give acrylic acid eliminating ammonia on heating
Gamma amino acid give inner amide or lactam
(Refer reactions of amino acids involving both amino and carboxylic acid groups)

Estimate Ni and Al present in solution.
Ni by using Dimethyl glyoxime by gravimetric method
Al by usng oxine (8 - hydroxy quinoline)  gravimetric method
Refer book or class notes for the estimation in Coordination Compounds.

How is alanine prepared?
Alanine can be prepared by Strecker synthesis.
 Acetaaldehyde, ammonia, and hydrogen cyanide combined to form alpha amino nitrile which after hydrolysis give alanine.
Alanine react with LiAlH4 to form amino alcohol.(Refer reactions characteristic of carboxylic acid group)
Alanine react with HNO2 to form hydroxy acids and Nitrogen gas(Refer reactions characteristic of amino group.

Ether,chloroform and alcohol in a vessel.How many phases and components are present?
The three together make ONE phase and THREE components.

What  are Secondary Standard Substances? Give examples.
A secondary standard is a standard that is prepared in the laboratory for a specific analysis.
It is usually standardized against a primary standard.
  For example, making a primary standard solution of Na2CO3and then titrating that to find the accurate concentration of HCl will make the HCl solution secondary standard.